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Toxicological assessment of azarcon, a lead salt used as a folk remedy in Mexico. I. Oral toxicity in rats
Azarcon; Empacho; Lead; Lead tetroxide; Mixtures azarcon; calcium; lead; lead oxide; lead tetraoxide; porphobilinogen synthase; unclassified drug; animal experiment; article; bone level; brain level; drug absorption; enzyme activity; gastrointestinal disease; heart; intestine; kidney; lead poisoning; lipid peroxidation; liver; liver toxicity; male; mexico; nephrotoxicity; nonhuman; oral drug administration; rat; traditional medicine; Administration, Oral; Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Kidney; Lead; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mexico; Porphobilinogen Synthase; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue Distribution
lead tetroxide, 1314-41-6; Lead, 7439-92-1; Porphobilinogen Synthase, EC 4.2.1.24
Azarcon, a lead tetroxide salt, is used among Mexican and Mexican-American populations for the treatment of digestive illness. Chemical analysis of the azarcon sample used in this study showed it to be 96%25 lead, 1%25 calcium, 1%25 other minor metals, and 2%25 unidentified material. Taking into account the fact that Pb absorption was estimated at 2%25 following a single oral administration of 100 mg/kg (Aungst et al., 1981), it is possible to propose a chemical interaction between the components of azarcon, and as a result, the toxicity of Pb tetroxide would be different when given as azarcon than when given as a pure compound. The present work studied this possibility, with the following results. When the treatments of equal doses of pure Pb tetroxide and azarcon were compared (158 mg/kg/day p.o. for 96 h), five of nine tissues studied had similar Pb concentrations. However, with the pure compound the Pb levels were higher in bone and intestines; while with azarcon the Pb levels were higher in heart and brain. The pure Pb tetroxide treatment affects lipid peroxidation only in liver, but a low induction of peroxidation was found also in kidney and heart in rats which received the azarcon treatment. Liver and kidney damage were evident in rats treated with a high dose of azarcon (1.1 g/kg/day p.o. for 96 h), while the effects with the pure compound were similar in type but lower in magnitude. Pb tetroxide as a pure compound inhibits ALA-D by 26%25 while an inhibition of 42%25 was found with azarcon. Our results demonstrate that azarcon and lead tetroxide as a pure compound have different toxicological properties. © 1994.
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