Dimerization; PEST sequences; Polyamines; Proteolytic cleavage; Translational and post-translational regulation; uORF Biosynthesis; Dimerization; Enzymes; Metabolism; Physiology; Dimerizations; Metabolic enzymes; Open reading frame; Organics; PEST sequence; Polyamines; Proteolytic cleavage; Translational and post-translational regulation; Translational regulation; Upstream open reading frame; Amines; endogenous compound; enzyme precursor; messenger RNA; polyamine; amino acid synthesis; catabolism; cellular distribution; dimerization; enzyme activation; enzyme activity; gene control; nonhuman; open reading frame; plant; protein degradation; protein processing; protein secondary structure; protein stability; Review; genetics; protein synthesis; Open Reading Frames; Plants; Polyamines; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA, Messenger
Translational and post-translational regulation of polyamine metabolic enzymes in plants
Polyamines are small organic and basic polycations that perform essential regulatory functions in all living organisms. Fluctuations in polyamine content have been observed to occur during growth, development and under stress conditions, implying that polyamines play pivotal roles in diverse cellular and physiological processes. To achieve polyamine homeostasis, the entire metabolic pathway is subjected to a fine-tuned regulation of its biosynthetic and catabolic genes and enzymes. In this review, we describe and discuss the most important mechanisms implicated in the translational and post-translational regulation of polyamine metabolic enzymes in plants. At the translational level, we emphasize the role of polyamines in the modulation of upstream open reading frame (uORF) activities that control the translation of polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic mRNAs. At the post-translational level, different aspects of the regulation of polyamine metabolic proteins are depicted, such as the proteolytic activation of enzyme precursors, the importance of dimerization in protein stability as well as in protein intracellular localization. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
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Review
Generically Dependent Continuant
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2019-1564453; 2015-256574, 2017-2018-A1-S-25233; National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 31772273; National Key Research and Development Program of China, NKRDPC: 2018YFD1000302