Toxicity evaluation of high-fluorescent rare-earth metal nanoparticles for bioimaging applications
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Research on nanometer-sized luminescent semiconductors and their biological applications in detectors and contrasting agents is an emergent field in nanotechnology. When new nanosize technologies are developed for human health applications, their interaction with biological systems should be studied in depth. Rare-earth elements are used in medical and industrial applications, but their toxic effects are not known. In this work, the biological interaction between terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide nanoparticles (GOSNPs) with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), human-derived macrophages (THP-1), and human cervical carcinoma cell (HeLa) were evaluated. The GOSNPs were synthetized using a hydrothermal method to obtain monodisperse nanoparticles with an average size of 91 ± 9 nm. Characterization techniques showed the hexagonal phase of the Gd2O2S:Tb3%2b free of impurities, and a strong green emission at λemi = 544 nm produced by Tb3%2b was observed. Toxic effects of GOSNPs were evaluated using cell viability, apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, and immunological response techniques. In addition, an Artemia model was used to assess the toxicity in vivo. Results indicated cell apoptosis in both types of cells with less sensitivity for PBMC cells compared to HeLa cells. In addition, no toxic effects were observed in the in vivo model of Artemia. Moreover, GOSNPs significantly reduced the activation and cell-cycle progression of PBMC and HeLa cells, respectively. Interestingly, an increase in proinflammatory cytokines was not observed. Our data suggest that fluorescence applications of GOSNPs for biolabeling are not toxic in primary immune cells and they may have an immunomodulatory effect. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 605–615, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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biological cells; immunomodulatory effect; oxysulfides; toxicity Cell death; Fluorescence; Industrial poisons; Metal nanoparticles; Nanoparticles; Rare earth elements; Rare earths; Toxicity; Biological applications; Biological cells; Biological interactions; Characterization techniques; Immunomodulatory effects; Monodisperse nanoparticles; Oxysulfides; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Cytology; gadolinium; nanoparticle; terbium; gadolinium; metal nanoparticle; terbium; apoptosis; Artemia; Article; blood; carcinoma cell; cell cycle progression; cell viability; clinical evaluation; confocal microscopy; controlled study; cytotoxicity; female; flow cytometry; fluorescence imaging; HeLa cell line; human; human cell; immune response; immunomodulation; in vivo study; macrophage; particle size; peripheral blood mononuclear cell; transmission electron microscopy; uterine cervix carcinoma; animal; cell tracking; chemistry; cytology; materials testing; metabolism; mononuclear cell; procedures; Animals; Artemia; Cell Tracking; Gadolinium; HeLa Cells; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Materials Testing; Metal Nanoparticles; Terbium
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