Role of the fungal cell wall in pathogenesis and antifungal resistance
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Study of the fungal cell wall is currently an area of very active research. The relevance of the fungal cell wall for cell survival, and pathogenicity has been well established. The view of the cell wall as a tough and impenetrable structure has been left behind, and it is now conceived as a plastic shield that undergoes structural changes depending on the surrounding environmental conditions and morphological states. The fungal cell wall is also the source of most of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns that immune cells recognize, and thus facilitates establishment of a protective antifungal immunity. Paradoxically, fungi, through their cell wall, possess disguising mechanisms to avoid immune recognition. This review gathers the current knowledge about the cell wall of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, stressing the importance of the fungal cell wall for pathogenesis, immune recognition, and as a source of targets for antifungal drugs. © 2012 Springer Science Business Media, LLC.
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Study of the fungal cell wall is currently an area of very active research. The relevance of the fungal cell wall for cell survival, and pathogenicity has been well established. The view of the cell wall as a tough and impenetrable structure has been left behind, and it is now conceived as a plastic shield that undergoes structural changes depending on the surrounding environmental conditions and morphological states. The fungal cell wall is also the source of most of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns that immune cells recognize, and thus facilitates establishment of a protective antifungal immunity. Paradoxically, fungi, through their cell wall, possess disguising mechanisms to avoid immune recognition. This review gathers the current knowledge about the cell wall of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, stressing the importance of the fungal cell wall for pathogenesis, immune recognition, and as a source of targets for antifungal drugs. © 2012 Springer Science%2bBusiness Media, LLC.
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Antifungal drugs; Aspergillus fumigatus; Candida albicans; Cell wall; Glycoproteins; Innate immune sensing; Melanin; Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; Polysaccharides; Virulence adhesin; amphotericin B; anidulafungin; antifungal agent; aspartic proteinase; beta 1,3 glucan; beta 1,6 glucan; caspofungin; chitin; chitosan; cytokine; fatty acid; fungal protein; galactomannan; glucan; glycoprotein; hydrophobin; mannan; mannose; melanin; micafungin; miconazole; oligosaccharide; phospholipomannan; phytosphingosine; polysaccharide; tunicamycin; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; virulence factor; antifungal activity; antifungal resistance; antigen recognition; article; aspergillosis; Aspergillus fumigatus; Candida albicans; candidiasis; cell viability; chemical composition; conidium; cytokine production; drug targeting; fungal cell wall; fungal virulence; fungus growth; fungus hyphae; fungus mutation; human; invasive candidiasis; mycosis; nonhuman; Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; pathogen associated molecular pattern; pathogenesis; South American blastomycosis
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