Nanoclays: Promising Materials for Vaccinology
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Overview
abstract
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Clay materials and nanoclays have gained recent popularity in the vaccinology field, with biocompatibility, simple functionalization, low toxicity, and low-cost as their main attributes. As elements of nanovaccines, halloysite nanotubes (natural), layered double hydroxides and hectorite (synthetic) are the nanoclays that have advanced into the vaccinology field. Until now, only physisorption has been used to modify the surface of nanoclays with antigens, adjuvants, and/or ligands to create nanovaccines. Protocols to covalently attach these molecules have not been developed with nanoclays, only procedures to develop adsorbents based on nanoclays that could be extended to develop nanovaccine conjugates. In this review, we describe the approaches evaluated on different nanovaccine candidates reported in articles, the immunological results obtained with them and the most advanced approaches in the preclinical field, while describing the nanomaterial itself. In addition, complex systems that use nanoclays were included and described. The safety of nanoclays as carriers is an important key fact to determine their true potential as nanovaccine candidates in humans. Here, we present the evaluations reported in this field. Finally, we point out the perspectives in the development of vaccine prototypes using nanoclays as antigen carriers. © 2022 by the authors.
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adjuvanticity; bioconjugation; halloysite nanotubes; hectorite; layered double hydroxides; nanocarrier DNA vaccine; halloysite nanotube; hemagglutinin; immunoglobulin G antibody; nanocarrier; nanoclay; nanocomposite; nanomaterial; neutralizing antibody; antibody labeling; antibody response; antigen presentation; antigen presenting cell; atomic force microscopy; biocompatibility; cancer immunotherapy; cancer inhibition; cancer therapy; carcinogenesis; cell viability; cellular immunity; chemical structure; conjugate; crystal structure; crystallization; cytokine production; cytotoxicity; densitometry; drug delivery system; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; humoral immunity; immune response; immunization; immunogenicity; nanomedicine; photothermal therapy; physical chemistry; Review; skin temperature; thermostability; transmission electron microscopy; tumor growth; tumor immunity; vaccination; vaccine immunogenicity; vaccinology
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