abstract

• The direct integration of paper-based microfluidic fuel cells (μFC’s) toward creating autonomous lateral flow assays has attracted attention. Here, we show that an air-breathing paper-based μFC could be used as a power supply in pregnancy tests by oxidizing the human urine used for the diagnosis. We present an air-breathing paper-based μFC connected to a pregnancy test, and for the first time, as far as we know, it is powered by human urine without needing any external electrolyte. It uses TiO (Formula presented.) -Ni as anode and Pt/C as cathode; the performance shows a maximum value of voltage and current and power densities of ∼0.96 V, 1.00 mA cm (Formula presented.), and 0.23 mW cm (Formula presented.), respectively. Furthermore, we present a simple design of a paper-based μFC’s stack powered with urine that shows a maximum voltage and maximum current and power densities of ∼1.89 V, 2.77 mA cm (Formula presented.) and 1.38 mW cm (Formula presented.), respectively, which powers the display of a pregnancy test allowing to see the analysis results. © 2022 by the authors.

authors

• Amaya-Cruz D.M.
• Antonio-Carmona I.D.
• Dector A.
• Dector D.
• Olivares-Ramírez J.M.
• Sosa Dominguez A.

publication date

• 2022-01-01

published in

• Sensors  Journal

keywords

• human urine; lateral flow assay tests; paper-based microfluidic fuel cell; power supply; pregnancy test Electrolytes; Fuel cells; Microfluidics; Testing; Air breathing; Fuel cell stack; Human urine; Lateral flow assay test; Lateral-flow assays; Microfluidic fuel cell; Paper-based microfluidic fuel cell; Paper-based microfluidics; Power supply; Pregnancy tests; Electrodes

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

• 10.3390/s22176641

PubMed ID

• 36081100

start page

end page

volume

• 22

issue

• 17