Application of Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction to the Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Soil Samples

Abstract A simple and rapid focused ultrasound extraction (FU) based method is presented for the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil using a gas chromatography coupled to a mass detector with electron impact ionization. The main experimental parameters affecting the FU step have been optimized by applying a PERMANOVA and PCO analysis allowing us to obtain a maximum amount of information with a minimum number of assays. The limits of detection for POPs fell within the 0.9-6.8 ng/g d.w. interval; a linear method was used with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.99. Recovery percentages at low concentrations (25 ng/g d.w.) were 75.8 %25-110 %25, and at high concentrations (75 ng/g d.w.) 82.3 %25-109 %25; the evaluated precision as RSD%25 of repeatability and reproducibility were within a range of 0.5 %25-11 %25 and 0.3 %25-18 %25, respectively. © 2015 Springer Science%2bBusiness Media New York.

Focused ultrasound extraction; GC-MS-EI; Persistent organic pollutants; Soil Extraction; Gas chromatography; Impact ionization; Ionization; Ionization of gases; Pollution; Soils; Ultrasonic applications; Amount of information; Correlation coefficient; Electron impact-ionization; Experimental parameters; Focused ultrasound; Persistent organic pollutant (POP); Persistent organic pollutants; Recovery percentages; Organic pollutants; soil pollutant; analysis; gas chromatography; procedures; reproducibility; soil pollutant; ultrasound; Chromatography, Gas; Reproducibility of Results; Soil Pollutants; Ultrasonics

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