Synthesis of polypyrrole nanoparticles by batch and semicontinuous heterophase polymerizations
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Nanoparticles of semiconducting polypyrrole (PPy) were synthesized by batch heterophase (BHP) and semicontinuous heterophase polymerization (SHP) using ferric chloride (FeCl3), potassium persulfate (KPS), or ammonium persulfate (APS) as the oxidizing agent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant, and ethanol (EtOH) or iso-pentyl alcohol (iC5OH) as co-surfactants. In all cases, the molar ratios of monomer/oxidizing agent were 1/1. Pyrrol polymerization by BHP and SHP allowed using much lower percentages of surfactant than those employed in microemulsion polymerization of this monomer. The effects of temperature, oxidizing agent, and co-surfactant on conductivity were studied. The polymers were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV/Visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, and cyclic voltammetry. Higher PPy conductivities were obtained by polymerizing at 0 °C with FeCl3 as the oxidizing agent, in the presence of iC5OH as co-surfactant. When the reaction was carried out by SHP with low reaction times, smaller particles with similar conductivities were obtained compared to those obtained by BHP; the conductivity of PPy decreases with increasing polymerization time, which can be explained by PPy overoxidation. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.
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Heterophase polymerization; Nanoparticles; Pyrrole Chlorination; Chlorine compounds; Cyclic voltammetry; Microemulsions; Nanoparticles; Oxidation; Polymers; Polypyrroles; Sodium dodecyl sulfate; Surface active agents; Synthesis (chemical); Transmission electron microscopy; Effects of temperature; Heterophase polymerization; Microemulsion polymerization; On conductivities; Polymerization time; Potassium persulfate; PPy overoxidation; Pyrrole; Polymerization; alcohol; ammonia; dodecyl sulfate sodium; ferric chloride; monomer; nanoparticle; pentanol; peroxydisulfate potassium; polymer; polypyrrole; surfactant; article; conductance; cyclic potentiometry; infrared spectroscopy; microemulsion; nanofabrication; polymerization; priority journal; reaction time; semicontinuous heterophase polymerization; synthesis; temperature sensitivity; transmission electron microscopy; ultraviolet spectroscopy
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