Particulate vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic requires the development of effective vaccines consisting of formulations able to induce safe and neutralizing humoral and cellular responses, particularly in the respiratory system. Since nanomaterials can serve as efficient antigen delivery carriers and immunostimulatory agents, their exploration and use in vaccinology have led to the production of nanovaccines, specifically, conjugates comprising antigens, nanocarriers, and adjuvants that can render highly effective immunization agents. This chapter covers vaccines under development and in present use, general considerations on nanomaterials that can be used as nanocarriers, and recently reported nanovaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 that result in attractive immunization models already implemented in test animals and generating promising immune-protective effects. A revision of such developments is presented here, identifying improvements to these approaches. Moreover, we include perspectives on the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines taking advantage of such precedents. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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